5188
PROPOSED STANDARD
RTP Payload Format for the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec (EVRC-WB) and the Media Subtype Updates for EVRC-B Codec
Authors: H. Desineni, Q. Xie
Date: February 2008
Area: rai
Working Group: avt
Stream: IETF
Updates:
RFC 4788
Abstract
This document specifies Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload formats to be used for the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec (EVRC-WB) and updates the media type registrations for EVRC-B codec. Several media type registrations are included for EVRC-WB RTP payload formats. In addition, a file format is specified for transport of EVRC-WB speech data in storage mode applications such as email. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
RFC 5188
PROPOSED STANDARD
Network Working Group H. Desineni
Request for Comments: 5188 Qualcomm
Updates: <a href="./rfc4788">4788</a> Q. Xie
Category: Standards Track Motorola
February 2008
<span class="h1">RTP Payload Format for</span>
<span class="h1">the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec (EVRC-WB)</span>
<span class="h1">and the Media Subtype Updates for EVRC-B Codec</span>
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document specifies Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload
formats to be used for the Enhanced Variable Rate Wideband Codec
(EVRC-WB) and updates the media type registrations for EVRC-B codec.
Several media type registrations are included for EVRC-WB RTP payload
formats. In addition, a file format is specified for transport of
EVRC-WB speech data in storage mode applications such as email.
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Table of Contents
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. EVRC-WB Codec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. RTP Header Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. Payload Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-4">4</a>
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. Congestion Control Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-8">8</a>. Storage Format for the EVRC-WB Codec . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-9">9</a>. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-9.1">9.1</a>. Media Type Registrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-9.1.1">9.1.1</a>. Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCWB . . . . . . . <a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-9.1.2">9.1.2</a>. Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCWB0 . . . . . . . <a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-9.1.3">9.1.3</a>. Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCWB1 . . . . . . . <a href="#page-9">9</a>
<a href="#section-9.1.4">9.1.4</a>. Updated Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCB . . . . <a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-9.1.5">9.1.5</a>. Updated Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCB0 . . . <a href="#page-13">13</a>
<a href="#section-10">10</a>. SDP Mode Attributes for EVRC-WB and EVRC-B . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-15">15</a>
11. EVRC-B Interoperability with Legacy Implementations (<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>) 15
<a href="#section-12">12</a>. Mapping EVRC-WB Media Type Parameters into SDP . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-13">13</a>. Mapping EVRC-B Media Type Parameters into SDP . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-14">14</a>. Offer-Answer Model Considerations for EVRC-WB . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-15">15</a>. Offer-Answer Model Considerations for EVRC-B . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a>
<a href="#section-16">16</a>. Declarative SDP Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-18">18</a>
<a href="#section-17">17</a>. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-19">19</a>
<a href="#section-18">18</a>. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
<a href="#section-19">19</a>. Changes to <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
<a href="#section-20">20</a>. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
<a href="#section-20.1">20.1</a>. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-22">22</a>
<a href="#section-20.2">20.2</a>. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#page-23">23</a>
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
This document specifies the payload formats for packetization of
EVRC-WB encoded speech signals into the Real-time Transport Protocol
(RTP). It defines support for the header-free, interleaved/bundled,
and compact bundle packet formats for the EVRC-WB codec as well as
discontinuous transmission (DTX) support for EVRC-WB encoded speech
transported via RTP. The EVRC-WB codec offers better speech quality
than the EVRC and EVRC-B codecs. EVRC-WB belongs to the EVRC family
of codecs. This document also updates the media type registrations
for the EVRC-B codec.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Conventions</span>
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a> [<a href="#ref-1" title=""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"">1</a>].
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Background</span>
EVRC-WB is a wideband extension of the EVRC-B [<a href="#ref-4" title=""Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3 and 68 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital Systems"">4</a>] speech codec
developed in the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) with
support for discontinuous transmission (DTX). It provides enhanced
(wideband) voice quality.
The EVRC-WB codec operates on 20-ms frames, and the default sampling
rate is 16 kHz. Input and output at an 8-kHz sampling rate are also
supported. The EVRC-WB codec can operate in three modes (0, 4, and
7) defined in [<a href="#ref-5" title=""Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3,68 and 70 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital Systems"">5</a>]. EVRC-WB modes 4 and 7 are interoperable with
EVRC-B. EVRC-WB mode 4 uses full-rate, 1/2-rate, and 1/8-rate
frames. EVRC-WB mode 7 uses only 1/2 rate and 1/8 rate frames. Mode
change results in codec output bit-rate change but do not cause any
decoding problems at the receiver. For successful decoding, the
decoder does not need to know the encoder's current mode of
operation. EVRC-WB provides a standardized solution for packetized
voice applications that allow transitions between narrowband and
wideband telephony. The most important service addressed is IP
telephony. Target devices can be IP phones or Voice over IP (VoIP)
handsets, media gateways, voice messaging servers, etc.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. EVRC-WB Codec</span>
The EVRC-WB codec operates on 20-ms frames. It produces output
frames of one of the three different sizes: 171 bits, 80 bits, or 16
bits. In addition, there are two zero-bit codec frame types: blank
(null) frames and erasure frames. The default sampling rate is 16
kHz. Input and output at an 8-kHz sampling rate are also supported.
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The frame type values and sizes of the associated codec data frames
are listed in the table below:
Value Rate Total codec data frame size in bytes (and in bits)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
0 Blank 0 (0 bit)
1 1/8 2 (16 bits)
2 1/4 5 (40 bits)
3 1/2 10 (80 bits)
4 1 22 (171 bits; 5 bits padded at the end)
5 Erasure 0 (SHOULD NOT be transmitted by sender)
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. RTP Header Usage</span>
The format of the RTP header is specified in <a href="./rfc3550">RFC 3550</a> [<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>]. The
EVRC-WB payload formats (<a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>) use the fields of the RTP header
in a manner consistent with <a href="./rfc3550">RFC 3550</a> [<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>].
EVRC-WB also has the capability to operate with 8-kHz sampled input/
output signals. The decoder does not require a priori knowledge
about the sampling rate of the original signal at the input of the
encoder. The decoder output can be at 8 kHz or 16 kHz regardless of
the sampling rate used at the encoder. Therefore, depending on the
implementation and the electro acoustic audio capabilities of the
devices, the input of the encoder and/or the output of the decoder
can be configured at 8 kHz; however, a 16-kHz RTP clock rate MUST
always be used. The RTP timestamp is increased by 320 for each 20
milliseconds.
The RTP header marker bit (M) SHALL be set to 1 if the first frame
carried in the packet contains a speech frame that is the first in a
talkspurt. For all other packets, the marker bit SHALL be set to
zero (M=0).
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. Payload Format</span>
Three RTP packet formats are supported for the EVRC-WB codec -- the
interleaved/bundled packet format, the header-free packet format, and
the compact bundled packet format. For all these formats, the
operational details and capabilities, such as Table of Contents
(ToC), interleaving, DTX, and bundling, of EVRC-WB are exactly the
same as those of EVRC-B, as defined in [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>], except that the mode
change request field in the ToC MUST be interpreted according to the
definition of the RATE_REDUC parameter as defined in EVRC-WB [<a href="#ref-5" title=""Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3,68 and 70 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital Systems"">5</a>].
The media type audio/EVRCWB maps to the interleaved/bundled packet
format, audio/EVRCWB0 maps to the header-free packet format, and
audio/EVRCWB1 maps to the compact bundled packet format.
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Congestion Control Considerations</span>
Congestion control for RTP SHALL be used in accordance with <a href="./rfc3550">RFC 3550</a>
[<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>], and with any applicable RTP profile, e.g., <a href="./rfc3551">RFC 3551</a> [<a href="#ref-11" title=""RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control"">11</a>].
Due to the header overhead, the number of frames encapsulated in each
RTP packet influences the overall bandwidth of the RTP stream.
Packing more frames in each RTP packet can reduce the number of
packets sent and hence the header overhead, at the expense of
increased delay and reduced error robustness.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Storage Format for the EVRC-WB Codec</span>
The storage format is used for storing EVRC-WB encoded speech frames,
e.g., as a file or email attachment.
The file begins with a magic number to identify the vocoder that is
used. The magic number for EVRC-WB corresponds to the ASCII
character string "#!EVCWB\n", i.e., "0x23 0x21 0x45 0x56 0x43 0x57
0x42 0x0A".
The codec data frames are stored in consecutive order, with a single
ToC entry field, extended to one octet, prefixing each codec data
frame. The ToC field is extended to one octet by setting the four
most significant bits of the octet to zero. For example, a ToC value
of 4 (a full-rate frame) is stored as 0x04. See <a href="#section-4">Section 4</a> for the
mapping from frame type to ToC value.
Speech frames lost in transmission and non-received frames MUST be
stored as erasure frames (ToC value of 5) to maintain synchronization
with the original media.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. IANA Considerations</span>
This document updates the audio/EVRCB and audio/EVRCB0 media types
defined in <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>] and adds new EVRC-WB 'audio' media subtypes.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1" href="#section-9.1">9.1</a>. Media Type Registrations</span>
Following the guidelines in <a href="./rfc4855">RFC 4855</a> [<a href="#ref-9" title=""Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures"">9</a>] and <a href="./rfc4288">RFC 4288</a> [<a href="#ref-10" title=""Media Type Specifications and Registration Procedures"">10</a>], this
section registers new 'audio' media subtypes for EVRC-WB and updates
the audio/EVRCB and audio/EVRCB0 media type registrations contained
in <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>].
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1.1" href="#section-9.1.1">9.1.1</a>. Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCWB</span>
Type name: audio
Subtype name: EVRCWB
Required parameters: None
Optional parameters:
These parameters apply to RTP transfer only.
mode-set-recv: A subset of EVRC-WB modes. Possible values are a
comma-separated list of modes from the set {0,4,7} (see Table
2.5.1.2-1 in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C). A decoder can use this attribute to
inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a specified subset
of modes. Absence of this parameter signals the mode set {0,4,7}.
sendmode: A mode of the EVRC-WB codec. An encoder can use this to
signal its current mode of operation. Possible values are 0,4,7 (see
Table 2.5.1.2-1 in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C). Absence of this parameter
signals mode 0.
ptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
maxptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
maxinterleave: Maximum number for interleaving length (field LLL in
the Interleaving Octet)[0..7]. The interleaving lengths used in the
entire session MUST NOT exceed this maximum value. If not signaled,
the maxinterleave length MUST be 5.
silencesupp: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmax: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmin: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
hangover: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed binary data (see <a href="./rfc4288#section-4.8">RFC 4288, Section 4.8</a>) and
is defined for transfer of EVRC-WB encoded data via RTP using the
interleaved/bundled packet format specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a>.
Security considerations: See <a href="./rfc5188#section-18">Section 18 of RFC 5188</a>.
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Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification:
The EVRC-WB vocoder is specified in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C. The transfer
method with the interleaved/bundled packet format via RTP is
specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a> and <a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>.
3GPP2 C.S0050-B, 3GPP2 File Formats for Multimedia Services.
3GPP2 specifications are publicly accessible at <a href="http://www.3gpp2.org">http://www.3gpp2.org</a>
Applications that use this media type:
It is expected that many VoIP applications (as well as mobile
applications) will use this type.
Additional information:
The following applies to stored-file transfer methods:
Magic number: #!EVCWB\n (see <a href="./rfc5188#section-8">Section 8 of RFC 5188</a>)
File extensions: evw, EVW
Macintosh file type code: None
Object identifier or OID: None
EVRC-WB speech frames may also be stored in the file format "3g2"
defined in 3GPP2 C.S0050-B, which is identified using the media types
"audio/3gpp2" or "video/3gpp2" registered by <a href="./rfc4393">RFC 4393</a>.
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Harikishan Desineni <hd@qualcomm.com>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
When this media type is used in the context of transfer over RTP, the
RTP payload format specified in <a href="./rfc3558#section-4.1">Section 4.1 of RFC 3558</a> SHALL be
used. In all other contexts, the file format defined in <a href="./rfc5188#section-8">Section 8 of
RFC 5188</a> SHALL be used.
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Author:
Harikishan Desineni
Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the IESG.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1.2" href="#section-9.1.2">9.1.2</a>. Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCWB0</span>
Type name: audio
Subtype name: EVRCWB0
Required parameters: None
Optional parameters:
These parameters apply to RTP transfer only.
mode-set-recv: A subset of EVRC-WB modes. Possible values are a
comma-separated list of modes from the set {0,4,7} (see Table
2.5.1.2-1 in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C). A decoder can use this attribute to
inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a specified subset
of modes. Absence of this parameter signals the mode set {0,4,7}.
sendmode: A mode of the EVRC-WB codec. An encoder can use this to
signal its current mode of operation. Possible values are 0,4,7 (see
Table 2.5.1.2-1 in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C). Absence of this parameter
signals mode 0.
ptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
silencesupp: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmax: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmin: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
hangover: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed binary data (see <a href="./rfc4288#section-4.8">RFC 4288, Section 4.8</a>) and
is defined for transfer of EVRC-WB encoded data via RTP using the
header-free packet format specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a>.
Security considerations: See <a href="./rfc5188#section-18">Section 18 of RFC 5188</a>.
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Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification:
The EVRC-WB vocoder is specified in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C. The transfer
method with the header-free packet format via RTP is specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC</a>
<a href="./rfc3558">3558</a> and <a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>.
3GPP2 C.S0050-B, 3GPP2 File Formats for Multimedia Services.
3GPP2 specifications are publicly accessible at <a href="http://www.3gpp2.org">http://www.3gpp2.org</a>
Applications that use this media type:
It is expected that many VoIP applications (as well as mobile
applications) will use this type.
Additional information: None
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Harikishan Desineni <hd@qualcomm.com>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
This media type depends on RTP framing and hence is only defined for
transfer via RTP [<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>]; the RTP payload format specified in <a href="./rfc3558#section-4.2">Section 4.2
of RFC 3558</a> SHALL be used. This media type SHALL NOT be used for
storage or file transfer using the file format defined in <a href="./rfc5188#section-8">Section 8
of RFC 5188</a>; instead, audio/EVRCWB SHALL be used.
Author:
Harikishan Desineni
Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the IESG.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1.3" href="#section-9.1.3">9.1.3</a>. Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCWB1</span>
Type name: audio
Subtype name: EVRCWB1
Required parameters: None
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Optional parameters:
These parameters apply to RTP transfer only.
mode-set-recv: A subset of EVRC-WB modes. Possible values are a
comma-separated list of modes from the set {0,4,7} (see Table
2.5.1.2-1 in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C). A decoder can use this attribute to
inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a specified subset
of modes. A value of 0 signals the support for wideband fixed rate
(full or half rate, depending on the value of the 'fixedrate'
parameter). A value of 4 signals narrowband fixed full rate. A
value of 7 signals narrowband fixed half rate. Absence of this
parameter signals mode 0.
sendmode: A mode of the EVRC-WB codec. An encoder can use this to
signal its current mode of operation. Possible values are 0,4,7 (see
Table 2.5.1.2-1 in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C). 'sendmode' with value 0 signals
wideband fixed-rate operation (full or half rate, depending on the
value of the 'fixedrate' parameter). 'sendmode' with value 4 signals
narrowband fixed full-rate operation. 'sendmode' with value 7 signals
narrowband fixed half-rate operation. The 'fixedrate' parameter MUST
NOT be present when the 'sendmode' value is 4 or 7. Absence of this
parameter signals mode 0.
ptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
maxptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
fixedrate: Indicates the EVRC-WB rate of the session while in single-
rate operation. Valid values include 0.5 and 1, where a value of 0.5
indicates the 1/2 rate while a value of 1 indicates the full rate.
If this parameter is not present, 1/2 rate is assumed.
silencesupp: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmax: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmin: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
hangover: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 in RFC 4788</a>.
Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed binary data (see <a href="./rfc4288#section-4.8">RFC 4288, Section 4.8</a>) and
is defined for transfer of EVRC-WB encoded data via RTP using the
compact bundle packet format specified in <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>.
Security considerations: See <a href="./rfc5188#section-18">Section 18 of RFC 5188</a>.
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Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification:
The EVRC-WB vocoder is specified in 3GPP2 C.S0014-C. The transfer
method with the compact bundled packet format via RTP is specified in
<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> and <a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>.
3GPP2 C.S0050-B, 3GPP2 File Formats for Multimedia Services.
3GPP2 specifications are publicly accessible at <a href="http://www.3gpp2.org">http://www.3gpp2.org</a>
Applications that use this media type:
It is expected that many VoIP applications (as well as mobile
applications) will use this type.
Additional information: None
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Harikishan Desineni <hd@qualcomm.com>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
This media type depends on RTP framing and hence is only defined for
transfer via RTP [<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>]; the RTP payload format specified in <a href="./rfc4788#section-4">Section 4
of RFC 4788</a> SHALL be used. This media type SHALL NOT be used for
storage or file transfer using the file format defined in <a href="./rfc5188#section-8">Section 8
of RFC 5188</a>; instead, audio/EVRCWB SHALL be used.
Author:
Harikishan Desineni
Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the IESG.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1.4" href="#section-9.1.4">9.1.4</a>. Updated Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCB</span>
Type name: audio
Subtype name: EVRCB
Required parameters: None
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Optional parameters:
These parameters apply to RTP transfer only.
recvmode: A mode of the EVRC-B codec. A decoder can use this
attribute to inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a
specified mode. Possible values are 0..7 (see the encoder operating
point column in Table 2-6 of 3GPP2 C.S0014-B).
sendmode: A mode of the EVRC-B codec. An encoder can use this to
signal its current mode of operation. Possible values are 0..7 (see
encoder operating point column in Table 2-6 of 3GPP2 C.S0014-B).
ptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
maxptime: See <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>.
maxinterleave: Maximum number for interleaving length (field LLL in
the Interleaving Octet). The interleaving lengths used in the entire
session MUST NOT exceed this maximum value. If not signaled, the
maxinterleave length MUST be 5.
silencesupp: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a> for a definition. If this
parameter is not present, the default value 1 MUST be assumed.
dtxmax: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmin: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a>.
hangover: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a>.
Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed binary data (see <a href="./rfc4288#section-4.8">RFC 4288, Section 4.8</a>) and
is defined for transfer of EVRC-B encoded data via RTP using the
interleaved/bundled packet format specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a>.
Security considerations: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-9">Section 9 of RFC 4788</a>.
Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification:
The EVRC-B vocoder is specified in 3GPP2 C.S0014-B. The transfer
method with the interleaved/bundled packet format via RTP is
specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a>, <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>, and <a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>.
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Applications that use this media type:
It is expected that many VoIP applications (as well as mobile
applications) will use this type.
Additional information: The following information applies for the
storage format only.
Magic number: #!EVRC-B\n (see <a href="./rfc4788#section-5">Section 5 of RFC 4788</a>)
File extensions: evb, EVB
Macintosh file type code: None
Object identifier or OID: None
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Harikishan Desineni <hd@qualcomm.com>
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage:
When this media type is used in the context of transfer over RTP, the
RTP payload format specified in <a href="./rfc3558#section-4.1">Section 4.1 of RFC 3558</a> SHALL be
used. In all other contexts, the file format defined in <a href="./rfc4788#section-5">Section 5 of
RFC 4788</a> SHALL be used.
Author:
Qiaobing Xie / Harikishan Desineni
Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the IESG.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1.5" href="#section-9.1.5">9.1.5</a>. Updated Registration of Media Type audio/EVRCB0</span>
Type name: audio
Subtype name: EVRCB0
Required parameters: None
Optional parameters:
These parameters apply to RTP transfer only.
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recvmode: A mode of the EVRC-B codec. A decoder can use this
attribute to inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a
specified mode. Possible values are 0..7 (see the encoder operating
point column in Table 2-6 of 3GPP2 C.S0014-B).
sendmode: A mode of the EVRC-B codec. An encoder can use this to
signal its current mode of operation. Possible values are 0..7 (see
the encoder operating point column in Table 2-6 of 3GPP2 C.S0014-B).
silencesupp: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a> for a definition. If this
parameter is not present, the default value 1 MUST be assumed.
dtxmax: see <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a>.
dtxmin: see <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a>.
hangover: see <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.1">Section 6.1 of RFC 4788</a>.
Encoding considerations:
This media type is framed binary data (see <a href="./rfc4288#section-4.8">RFC 4288, Section 4.8</a>) and
is defined for transfer of EVRC-B encoded data via RTP using the
header-free packet format specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a>.
Security considerations: See <a href="./rfc4788#section-9">Section 9 of RFC 4788</a>.
Interoperability considerations: None
Published specification:
The EVRC-B vocoder is specified in 3GPP2 C.S0014-B. The transfer
method with the header-free packet format via RTP is specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC</a>
<a href="./rfc3558">3558</a>, <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>, and <a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>.
Applications that use this media type:
It is expected that many VoIP applications (as well as mobile
applications) will use this type.
Additional information: None
Person & email address to contact for further information:
Harikishan Desineni <hd@qualcomm.com>
Intended usage: COMMON
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Restrictions on usage:
When this media type is used in the context of transfer over RTP, the
RTP payload format specified in <a href="./rfc3558#section-4.2">Section 4.2 of RFC 3558</a> SHALL be
used.
This media type depends on RTP framing and hence is only defined for
transfer via RTP [<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>]; the RTP payload format specified in <a href="./rfc3558#section-4.2">Section 4.2
of RFC 3558</a> SHALL be used. This media type SHALL NOT be used for
storage or file transfer using the file format defined in <a href="./rfc4788#section-5">Section 5
of RFC 4788</a>; instead, audio/EVRCB SHALL be used.
Author:
Qiaobing Xie / Harikishan Desineni
Change controller:
IETF Audio/Video Transport working group delegated from the IESG.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. SDP Mode Attributes for EVRC-WB and EVRC-B</span>
'sendmode' can be used by a sender (EVRC-WB or EVRC-B) to announce
its encoder's current mode of operation. A sender can change its
mode anytime, and this does not cause any decoding problems at the
receiver.
'recvmode' is defined for use with EVRC-B. A decoder can use this
attribute to inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a
specified mode. The receiver will continue to decode properly even
if the sender does not operate in the preferred mode.
'mode-set-recv' is defined for use with EVRC-WB. A decoder can use
this attribute to inform an encoder of its preference to operate in a
specified subset of modes. The receiver will continue to decode
properly even if the sender does not operate in one of the preferred
modes. A set has been defined so that several modes can be expressed
as a preference in one attempt. For instance, the set {4,7} signals
that the receiver prefers the sender to operate in narrowband modes
of EVRC-WB.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. EVRC-B Interoperability with Legacy Implementations (<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>)</span>
This document adds new optional parameters "recvmode" and "sendmode"
to the original EVRC-B media types "audio/EVRCB" and "audio/EVRCB0"
defined in <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>]. Existing <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>] implementations will
not send these parameters in the Session Description Protocol (SDP)
and will ignore them if they are received. This will allow
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interoperability between <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>] and <a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a> implementations of
EVRC-B. For an example offer-and-answer exchange, see <a href="#section-17">Section 17</a>.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. Mapping EVRC-WB Media Type Parameters into SDP</span>
Information carried in the media type specification has a specific
mapping to fields in the Session Description Protocol (SDP) [<a href="#ref-8" title=""SDP: Session Description Protocol"">8</a>],
which is commonly used to describe RTP sessions. When SDP is used to
specify sessions employing EVRC-WB encoded speech, the mapping is as
follows.
o The media type ("audio") goes in SDP "m=" as the media name.
o The media subtype ("EVRCWB", "EVRCWB0", or "EVRCWB1") goes in SDP
"a=rtpmap" as the encoding name.
o The optional parameters 'ptime' and 'maxptime' (for subtypes
EVRCWB, EVRCWB1) go in the SDP "a=ptime" and "a=maxptime"
attributes, respectively.
o Any remaining parameters (for subtypes EVRCWB, EVRCWB0, and
EVRCWB1) go in the SDP "a=fmtp" attribute by copying them from the
media type string as a semicolon-separated list of parameter=value
pairs.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. Mapping EVRC-B Media Type Parameters into SDP</span>
The new optional parameters 'recvmode' and 'sendmode' (for 'audio'
subtypes EVRCB and EVRCB0) go in the SDP "a=fmtp" attribute by
copying them directly from the media type string.
For all other media type parameters, the specification in <a href="./rfc4788#section-6.7">Section 6.7
of RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>] still applies.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-14" href="#section-14">14</a>. Offer-Answer Model Considerations for EVRC-WB</span>
The following considerations apply when using the SDP offer-answer
procedures of <a href="./rfc3264">RFC 3264</a> [<a href="#ref-7" title=""An Offer/Answer Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)"">7</a>] to negotiate the use of EVRC-WB payload in
RTP:
o Since EVRC-WB is an extension of EVRC-B, the offerer SHOULD
announce EVRC-B support in its "m=audio" line, with EVRC-WB as the
preferred codec. This will allow interoperability with an
answerer that supports only EVRC-B.
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Below is an example of such an offer:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 98 99
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCWB0/16000
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:98 mode-set-recv=0,4;sendmode=0
a=fmtp:99 recvmode=0 sendmode=4
If the answerer supports EVRC-WB, then the answerer can keep the
payload type 98 in its answer and the conversation can be done using
EVRC-WB. Else, if the answerer supports only EVRC-B, then the
answerer will leave only the payload type 99 in its answer and the
conversation will be done using EVRC-B.
An example answer for the above offer is the following:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 98
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCWB0/16000
a=fmtp:98 mode-set-recv=4;sendmode=4
o 'mode-set-recv' is a unidirectional receive-only parameter.
o 'sendmode' is a unidirectional send-only parameter.
o Using 'sendmode', a sender can signal its current mode of
operation. Note that a receiver may receive RTP media well before
the arrival of SDP with a (first-time, or updated) 'sendmode'
parameter.
o An offerer can use 'mode-set-recv' to request that the remote
sender's encoder be limited to the list of modes signaled in
'mode-set-recv'. A remote sender MAY ignore 'mode-set-recv'
requests.
o The parameters 'maxptime' and 'ptime' will in most cases not
affect interoperability; however, the setting of the parameters
can affect the performance of the application. The SDP offer-
answer handling of the 'ptime' parameter is described in <a href="./rfc3264">RFC 3264</a>
[<a href="#ref-7" title=""An Offer/Answer Model with Session Description Protocol (SDP)"">7</a>]. The 'maxptime' parameter MUST be handled in the same way.
o For a sendonly stream, the 'mode-set-recv' parameter is not useful
and SHOULD NOT be used.
o For a recvonly stream, the 'sendmode' parameter is not useful and
SHOULD NOT be used.
o When using EVRCWB1, the entire session MUST use the same fixed
rate and mode (0-Wideband or 4,7-Narrowband).
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o For additional rules that MUST be followed while negotiating DTX
parameters, see Section 6.8 in [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>].
o Any unknown parameter in an SDP offer MUST be ignored by the
receiver and MUST NOT be included in the SDP answer.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-15" href="#section-15">15</a>. Offer-Answer Model Considerations for EVRC-B</span>
See Section 6.8 of [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>] for offer-answer usage of EVRC-B. The
following are several additional considerations for EVRC-B.
o 'recvmode' is a unidirectional receive-only parameter.
o 'sendmode' is a unidirectional send-only parameter.
o Using 'recvmode', a receiver can signal the remote sender to
operate its encoder in the specified mode. A remote sender MAY
ignore 'recvmode' requests.
o Using 'sendmode', a sender can signal its current mode of
operation. Note that a receiver may receive RTP media well before
the arrival of SDP with a (first-time, or updated) 'sendmode'
parameter.
o For a sendonly stream, the 'recvmode' parameter is not useful and
SHOULD NOT be used.
o For a recvonly stream, the 'sendmode' parameter is not useful and
SHOULD NOT be used.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-16" href="#section-16">16</a>. Declarative SDP Considerations</span>
For declarative use of SDP in the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP)
[<a href="#ref-12" title=""Session Announcement Protocol"">12</a>] and the Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [<a href="#ref-13" title=""Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)"">13</a>], the following
considerations apply:
o Any 'maxptime' and 'ptime' values should be selected with care to
ensure that the session's participants can achieve reasonable
performance.
o The payload format configuration parameters are all declarative,
and a participant MUST use the configuration(s) that is provided
for the session. More than one configuration may be provided if
necessary by declaring multiple RTP payload types; however, the
number of types should be kept small. For declarative examples,
see <a href="#section-17">Section 17</a>.
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-17" href="#section-17">17</a>. Examples</span>
Some example SDP session descriptions utilizing EVRC-WB and EVRC-B
encodings follow. In these examples, long a=fmtp lines are folded to
meet the column width constraints of this document. The backslash
("\") at the end of a line and the carriage return that follows it
should be ignored. Note that media subtype names are case-
insensitive. Parameter names are case-insensitive both in media
types and in the mapping to the SDP a=fmtp attribute.
Example usage of EVRCWB:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97 98
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCWB/16000
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:97 mode-set-recv=0,4;sendmode=0
a=fmtp:98 recvmode=0 sendmode=0
a=maxptime:120
Example usage of EVRCWB0:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97 98
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCWB0/16000
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:97 mode-set-recv=0,4;sendmode=0
a=fmtp:98 recvmode=0 sendmode=0
Example SDP answer from a media gateway requesting a terminal to
limit its encoder operation to EVRC-WB mode 4:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCWB0/16000
a=fmtp:97 mode-set-recv=4;sendmode=4
Example usage of EVRCWB1:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97 98
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCWB1/16000
a=fmtp:97 mode-set-recv=4;sendmode=4
a=maxptime:100
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Example usage of EVRCWB with DTX with silencesupp=1:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97 98
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCWB/16000
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:97 silencesupp=1;dtxmax=32;dtxmin=12;hangover=1 \
mode-set-recv=0,4; sendmode=0
a=fmtp:98 recvmode=0 sendmode=0
a=maxptime:120
Example usage of EVRCWB with DTX with silencesupp=0:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97 98
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCWB/16000
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:97 silencesupp=0;dtxmax=32;dtxmin=12;hangover=1 \
mode-set-recv=0,4;sendmode=0
a=fmtp:98 recvmode=0 sendmode=0
a=maxptime:120
Example usage of EVRCB:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCB/8000
a=fmtp:97 recvmode=0 sendmode=4
a=maxptime:120
Example usage of EVRCB0:
m=audio 49120 RTP/AVP 97
a=rtpmap:97 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:97 recvmode=0 sendmode=4
Example offer-answer exchange between EVRC-WB and
legacy EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>):
Offer:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 98 99
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCWB0/16000
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:98 mode-set-recv=0,4;sendmode=0
a=fmtp:99 recvmode=0 sendmode=0
Answer:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
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Example offer-answer exchange between EVRC-WB and
updated EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>):
Offer:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 98 99
a=rtpmap:98 EVRCWB0/16000
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:98 mode-set-recv=0,4; sendmode=0
a=fmtp:99 recvmode=0 sendmode=0
Answer:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:99 recvmode=0 sendmode=4
In the above example, note that the answerer has chosen
to send in mode 4 even though the offerer was willing to
receive in mode 0. 'recvmode' is a receiver's preference,
but the sender can send in a different mode.
Example offer-answer exchanges for interoperability between
legacy (<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>) and updated EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>) implementations:
Offer from an offerer that supports updated EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>)
implementation:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:99 recvmode=0 sendmode=4
Answer from an answerer that supports only
legacy EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>) implementation:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
Offer from an offerer that supports only
legacy EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>) implementation:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
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Answer from an answerer that supports updated
EVRC-B (<a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a>) implementation:
m=audio 55954 RTP/AVP 99
a=rtpmap:99 EVRCB0/8000
a=fmtp:99 recvmode=0 sendmode=4
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-18" href="#section-18">18</a>. Security Considerations</span>
Since compression is applied to the payload formats end-to-end, and
the encodings do not exhibit significant non-uniformity,
implementations of this specification are subject to all the security
considerations specified in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a> [<a href="#ref-2" title=""RTP Payload Format for Enhanced Variable Rate Codecs (EVRC) and Selectable Mode Vocoders (SMV)"">2</a>]. Implementations using the
payload defined in this specification are subject to the security
considerations discussed in <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a> [<a href="#ref-2" title=""RTP Payload Format for Enhanced Variable Rate Codecs (EVRC) and Selectable Mode Vocoders (SMV)"">2</a>], <a href="./rfc3550">RFC 3550</a> [<a href="#ref-6" title=""RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications"">6</a>], and any
appropriate profile (for example, <a href="./rfc3551">RFC 3551</a> [<a href="#ref-11" title=""RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences with Minimal Control"">11</a>]).
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-19" href="#section-19">19</a>. Changes to <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a></span>
This document updates <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a> [<a href="#ref-3" title=""Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for EVRC Family Codecs"">3</a>], and the updates are summarized
below:
o Added new media type attribute "sendmode" to media subtypes EVRCB
and EVRCB0. This attribute can be used to signal the EVRC-B
encoder's current mode of operation.
o Added new media type attribute "recvmode" to media subtypes EVRCB
and EVRCB0. This attribute can be used to signal the EVRC-B
decoder's preferred operating mode to a remote sender.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-20" href="#section-20">20</a>. References</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-20.1" href="#section-20.1">20.1</a>. Normative References</span>
[<a id="ref-1">1</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
[<a id="ref-2">2</a>] Li, A., "RTP Payload Format for Enhanced Variable Rate Codecs
(EVRC) and Selectable Mode Vocoders (SMV)", <a href="./rfc3558">RFC 3558</a>,
July 2003.
[<a id="ref-3">3</a>] Xie, Q. and R. Kapoor, "Enhancements to RTP Payload Formats for
EVRC Family Codecs", <a href="./rfc4788">RFC 4788</a>, January 2007.
[<a id="ref-4">4</a>] "Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3 and 68
for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital Systems", 3GPP2 C.S0014-B
v1.0 , May 2006.
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<span class="grey"><a href="./rfc5188">RFC 5188</a> EVRC-WB RTP Payload Format February 2008</span>
[<a id="ref-5">5</a>] "Enhanced Variable Rate Codec, Speech Service Option 3,68 and
70 for Wideband Spread Spectrum Digital Systems", 3GPP2
C.S0014-C v1.0 , October 2006.
[<a id="ref-6">6</a>] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson,
"RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64,
<a href="./rfc3550">RFC 3550</a>, March 1997.
[<a id="ref-7">7</a>] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "An Offer/Answer Model with
Session Description Protocol (SDP)", <a href="./rfc3264">RFC 3264</a>, June 2002.
[<a id="ref-8">8</a>] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and C. Perkins, "SDP: Session
Description Protocol", <a href="./rfc4566">RFC 4566</a>, July 2006.
[<a id="ref-9">9</a>] Casner, S., "Media Type Specifications and Registration
Procedures", <a href="./rfc4855">RFC 4855</a>, February 2007.
[<a id="ref-10">10</a>] Freed, N. and J. Klensin, "Media Type Specifications and
Registration Procedures", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp13">BCP 13</a>, <a href="./rfc4288">RFC 4288</a>, December 2005.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-20.2" href="#section-20.2">20.2</a>. Informative References</span>
[<a id="ref-11">11</a>] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and Video
Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, <a href="./rfc3551">RFC 3551</a>, July 2003.
[<a id="ref-12">12</a>] Handley, M., Perkins, C., and E. Whelan, "Session Announcement
Protocol", <a href="./rfc2974">RFC 2974</a>, October 2000.
[<a id="ref-13">13</a>] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., and R. Lanphier, "Real Time Streaming
Protocol (RTSP)", <a href="./rfc2326">RFC 2326</a>, April 1998.
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Authors' Addresses
Harikishan Desineni
Qualcomm
5775 Morehouse Drive
San Diego, CA 92126
USA
Phone: +1 858 845 8996
EMail: [email protected]
URI: <a href="http://www.qualcomm.com">http://www.qualcomm.com</a>
Qiaobing Xie
Motorola
1501 W. Shure Drive, 2-F9
Arlington Heights, IL 60004
USA
Phone: +1-847-372-8481
EMail: [email protected]
URI: <a href="http://www.motorola.com">http://www.motorola.com</a>
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