6622
PROPOSED STANDARD
Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) (Obsoleted)
Authors: U. Herberg, T. Clausen
Date: May 2012
Area: rtg
Working Group: manet
Stream: IETF
Obsoleted by:
RFC 7182
Abstract
This document describes general and flexible TLVs for representing cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) (i.e., digital signatures or Message Authentication Codes (MACs)) as well as timestamps, using the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format defined in RFC 5444. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs, and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a packet, a message, and an address, respectively. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
RFC 6622
Obsoleted by: 7182 PROPOSED STANDARD
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) U. Herberg
Request for Comments: 6622 Fujitsu Laboratories of America
Category: Standards Track T. Clausen
ISSN: 2070-1721 LIX, Ecole Polytechnique
May 2012
<span class="h1">Integrity Check Value and Timestamp TLV Definitions</span>
<span class="h1">for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)</span>
Abstract
This document describes general and flexible TLVs for representing
cryptographic Integrity Check Values (ICVs) (i.e., digital signatures
or Message Authentication Codes (MACs)) as well as timestamps, using
the generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) packet/message format
defined in <a href="./rfc5444">RFC 5444</a>. It defines two Packet TLVs, two Message TLVs,
and two Address Block TLVs for affixing ICVs and timestamps to a
packet, a message, and an address, respectively.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in <a href="./rfc5741#section-2">Section 2 of RFC 5741</a>.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6622">http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6622</a>.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2012 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp78">BCP 78</a> and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(<a href="http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info">http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info</a>) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
<a href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction ....................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology .....................................................<a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-3">3</a>. Applicability Statement .........................................<a href="#page-3">3</a>
<a href="#section-4">4</a>. Security Architecture ...........................................<a href="#page-4">4</a>
<a href="#section-5">5</a>. Overview and Functioning ........................................<a href="#page-5">5</a>
<a href="#section-6">6</a>. General ICV TLV Structure .......................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-7">7</a>. General Timestamp TLV Structure .................................<a href="#page-6">6</a>
<a href="#section-8">8</a>. Packet TLVs .....................................................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>. Packet ICV TLV .............................................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>. Packet TIMESTAMP TLV .......................................<a href="#page-7">7</a>
<a href="#section-9">9</a>. Message TLVs ....................................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-9.1">9.1</a>. Message ICV TLV ............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-9.2">9.2</a>. Message TIMESTAMP TLV ......................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-10">10</a>. Address Block TLVs .............................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-10.1">10.1</a>. Address Block ICV TLV .....................................<a href="#page-8">8</a>
<a href="#section-10.2">10.2</a>. Address Block TIMESTAMP TLV ...............................<a href="#page-9">9</a>
<a href="#section-11">11</a>. ICV: Basic .....................................................<a href="#page-9">9</a>
<a href="#section-12">12</a>. ICV: Cryptographic Function over a Hash Value ..................<a href="#page-9">9</a>
<a href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. General ICV TLV Structure ................................<a href="#page-10">10</a>
<a href="#section-12.1.1">12.1.1</a>. Rationale .........................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. Considerations for Calculating the ICV ...................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-12.2.1">12.2.1</a>. Packet ICV TLV ....................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-12.2.2">12.2.2</a>. Message ICV TLV ...................................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-12.2.3">12.2.3</a>. Address Block ICV TLV .............................<a href="#page-11">11</a>
<a href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. Example of a Message Including an ICV ....................<a href="#page-12">12</a>
<a href="#section-13">13</a>. IANA Considerations ...........................................<a href="#page-13">13</a>
<a href="#section-13.1">13.1</a>. Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines .....................<a href="#page-13">13</a>
<a href="#section-13.2">13.2</a>. Packet TLV Type Registrations ............................<a href="#page-14">14</a>
<a href="#section-13.3">13.3</a>. Message TLV Type Registrations ...........................<a href="#page-15">15</a>
<a href="#section-13.4">13.4</a>. Address Block TLV Type Registrations .....................<a href="#page-16">16</a>
<a href="#section-13.5">13.5</a>. Hash Functions ...........................................<a href="#page-17">17</a>
<a href="#section-13.6">13.6</a>. Cryptographic Functions ..................................<a href="#page-18">18</a>
<a href="#section-14">14</a>. Security Considerations .......................................<a href="#page-18">18</a>
<a href="#section-15">15</a>. Acknowledgements ..............................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
<a href="#section-16">16</a>. References ....................................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
<a href="#section-16.1">16.1</a>. Normative References .....................................<a href="#page-19">19</a>
<a href="#section-16.2">16.2</a>. Informative References ...................................<a href="#page-21">21</a>
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
This document specifies
o Two TLVs for carrying Integrity Check Values (ICVs) and timestamps
in packets, messages, and address blocks as defined by [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>].
o A generic framework for ICVs, accounting (for Message TLVs) for
mutable message header fields (<msg-hop-limit> and
<msg-hop-count>), where these fields are present in messages.
This document sets up IANA registries for recording code points for
hash-function and ICV calculation, respectively.
Moreover, in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a>, this document defines the following:
o One common method for generating ICVs as a cryptographic function,
calculated over the hash value of the content.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. Terminology</span>
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[<a href="./rfc2119" title=""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"">RFC2119</a>].
This document uses the terminology and notation defined in [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>].
In particular, the following TLV fields from [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] are used in
this specification:
<msg-hop-limit> is the hop limit of a message, as specified in
<a href="./rfc5444#section-5.2">Section 5.2 of [RFC5444]</a>.
<msg-hop-count> is the hop count of a message, as specified in
<a href="./rfc5444#section-5.2">Section 5.2 of [RFC5444]</a>.
<length> is the length of a TLV in octets, as specified in
<a href="./rfc5444#section-5.4.1">Section 5.4.1 of [RFC5444]</a>.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. Applicability Statement</span>
MANET routing protocols using the format defined in [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] are
accorded the ability to carry additional information in control
messages and packets, through the inclusion of TLVs. Information so
included MAY be used by a MANET routing protocol, or by an extension
of a MANET routing protocol, according to its specification.
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This document specifies how to include an ICV for a packet, a
message, and addresses in address blocks within a message, by way of
such TLVs. This document also specifies a) how to treat "mutable"
fields, specifically the <msg-hop-count> and <msg-hop-limit> fields,
if present in the message header when calculating ICVs, such that the
resulting ICV can be correctly verified by any recipient, and b) how
to include this ICV.
This document describes a generic framework for creating ICVs, and
how to include these ICVs in TLVs. In <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a>, an example method
for calculating such ICVs is given, using a cryptographic function
over the hash value of the content.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. Security Architecture</span>
Basic MANET routing protocol specifications are often "oblivious to
security"; however, they have a clause allowing a control message to
be rejected as "badly formed" or "insecure" prior to the message
being processed or forwarded. MANET routing protocols such as the
Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP) [<a href="./rfc6130" title=""Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)"">RFC6130</a>] and the Optimized
Link State Routing Protocol version 2 [<a href="#ref-OLSRv2" title=""The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2"">OLSRv2</a>] recognize external
reasons (such as failure to verify an ICV) for rejecting a message
that would be considered "invalid for processing". This architecture
is a result of the observation that with respect to security in
MANETs, "one size rarely fits all" and that MANET routing protocol
deployment domains have varying security requirements ranging from
"unbreakable" to "virtually none". The virtue of this approach is
that MANET routing protocol specifications (and implementations) can
remain "generic", with extensions providing proper security
mechanisms specific to a deployment domain.
The MANET routing protocol "security architecture", in which this
specification situates itself, can therefore be summarized as
follows:
o Security-oblivious MANET routing protocol specifications, with a
clause allowing an extension to reject a message (prior to
processing/forwarding) as "badly formed" or "insecure".
o MANET routing protocol security extensions, rejecting messages as
"badly formed" or "insecure", as appropriate for a given security
requirement specific to a deployment domain.
o Code points and an exchange format for information, necessary for
specification of such MANET routing protocol security extensions.
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This document addresses the last of the issues listed above by
specifying a common exchange format for cryptographic ICVs, making
reservations from within the Packet TLV, Message TLV, and Address
Block TLV registries of [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>], to be used (and shared) among
MANET routing protocol security extensions.
For the specific decomposition of an ICV into a cryptographic
function over a hash value (specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a>), this document
establishes two IANA registries for code points for hash functions
and cryptographic functions adhering to [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>].
With respect to [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>], this document is
o Intended to be used in the non-normative, but intended, mode of
use described in <a href="./rfc5444#appendix-B">Appendix B of [RFC5444]</a>.
o A specific example of the Security Considerations section of
[<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] (the authentication part).
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Overview and Functioning</span>
This document specifies a syntactical representation of security-
related information for use with [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] addresses, messages, and
packets, and also establishes IANA registrations of TLV types and
type extension registries for these TLV types.
Moreover, this document provides guidelines for how MANET routing
protocols and MANET routing protocol extensions using this
specification should treat ICV and Timestamp TLVs, and mutable fields
in messages. This specification does not represent a stand-alone
protocol; MANET routing protocols and MANET routing protocol
extensions, using this specification, MUST provide instructions as to
how to handle packets, messages, and addresses with security
information, associated as specified in this document.
This document assigns TLV types from the registries defined for
Packet, Message, and Address Block TLVs in [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>]. When a TLV
type is assigned from one of these registries, a registry for type
extensions for that TLV type is created by IANA. This document
utilizes these type extension registries so created, in order to
specify internal structure (and accompanying processing) of the
<value> field of a TLV.
For example, and as defined in this document, an ICV TLV with type
extension = 0 specifies that the <value> field has no pre-defined
internal structure but is simply a sequence of octets. An ICV TLV
with type extension = 1 specifies that the <value> field has a
pre-defined internal structure and defines its interpretation.
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(Specifically, the <value> field consists of a cryptographic
operation over a hash value, with fields indicating which hash
function and cryptographic operation have been used; this is
specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a>.)
Other documents can request assignments for other type extensions; if
they do so, they MUST specify their internal structure (if any) and
interpretation.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. General ICV TLV Structure</span>
The value of the ICV TLV is
<value> := <ICV-value>
where
<ICV-value> is a field, of <length> octets, which contains the
information to be interpreted by the ICV verification process, as
specified by the type extension.
Note that this does not stipulate how to calculate the <ICV-value>
nor the internal structure thereof, if any; such information MUST be
specified by way of the type extension for the ICV TLV type. See
<a href="#section-13">Section 13</a>. This document specifies two such type extensions -- one
for ICVs without pre-defined structures, and one for ICVs constructed
by way of a cryptographic operation over a hash value.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. General Timestamp TLV Structure</span>
The value of the Timestamp TLV is
<value> := <time-value>
where
<time-value> is an unsigned integer field, of length <length>, which
contains the timestamp.
Note that this does not stipulate how to calculate the
<time-value> nor the internal structure thereof, if any; such
information MUST be specified by way of the type extension for the
TIMESTAMP TLV type. See <a href="#section-13">Section 13</a>.
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A timestamp is essentially "freshness information". As such, its
setting and interpretation are to be determined by the MANET routing
protocol, or MANET routing protocol extension, that uses the
timestamp and can, for example, correspond to a UNIX timestamp, GPS
timestamp, or a simple sequence number.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Packet TLVs</span>
Two Packet TLVs are defined: one for including the cryptographic ICV
of a packet and one for including the timestamp indicating the time
at which the cryptographic ICV was calculated.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.1" href="#section-8.1">8.1</a>. Packet ICV TLV</span>
A Packet ICV TLV is an example of an ICV TLV as described in
<a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>.
The following considerations apply:
o Because packets as defined in [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] are never forwarded by
routers, no special considerations are required regarding mutable
fields (e.g., <msg-hop-count> and <msg-hop-limit>), if present,
when calculating the ICV.
o Any Packet ICV TLVs already present in the Packet TLV block MUST
be removed before calculating the ICV, and the Packet TLV block
size MUST be recalculated accordingly. Removed ICV TLVs MUST be
restored after having calculated the ICV value.
The rationale for removing any Packet ICV TLV already present prior
to calculating the ICV is that several ICVs may be added to the same
packet, e.g., using different ICV functions.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-8.2" href="#section-8.2">8.2</a>. Packet TIMESTAMP TLV</span>
A Packet TIMESTAMP TLV is an example of a Timestamp TLV as described
in <a href="#section-7">Section 7</a>. If a packet contains a TIMESTAMP TLV and an ICV TLV,
the TIMESTAMP TLV SHOULD be added to the packet before any ICV TLV,
in order that it be included in the calculation of the ICV.
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-9" href="#section-9">9</a>. Message TLVs</span>
Two Message TLVs are defined: one for including the cryptographic ICV
of a message and one for including the timestamp indicating the time
at which the cryptographic ICV was calculated.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.1" href="#section-9.1">9.1</a>. Message ICV TLV</span>
A Message ICV TLV is an example of an ICV TLV as described in
<a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>. When determining the <ICV-value> for a message, the
following considerations MUST be applied:
o The fields <msg-hop-limit> and <msg-hop-count>, if present, MUST
both be assumed to have the value 0 (zero) when calculating
the ICV.
o Any Message ICV TLVs already present in the Message TLV block MUST
be removed before calculating the ICV, and the message size as
well as the Message TLV block size MUST be recalculated
accordingly. Removed ICV TLVs MUST be restored after having
calculated the ICV value.
The rationale for removing any Message ICV TLV already present prior
to calculating the ICV is that several ICVs may be added to the same
message, e.g., using different ICV functions.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-9.2" href="#section-9.2">9.2</a>. Message TIMESTAMP TLV</span>
A Message TIMESTAMP TLV is an example of a Timestamp TLV as described
in <a href="#section-7">Section 7</a>. If a message contains a TIMESTAMP TLV and an ICV TLV,
the TIMESTAMP TLV SHOULD be added to the message before the ICV TLV,
in order that it be included in the calculation of the ICV.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-10" href="#section-10">10</a>. Address Block TLVs</span>
Two Address Block TLVs are defined: one for associating a
cryptographic ICV to an address and one for including the timestamp
indicating the time at which the cryptographic ICV was calculated.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.1" href="#section-10.1">10.1</a>. Address Block ICV TLV</span>
An Address Block ICV TLV is an example of an ICV TLV as described in
<a href="#section-6">Section 6</a>. The ICV is calculated over the address, concatenated with
any other values -- for example, any other Address Block TLV <value>
fields -- associated with that address. A MANET routing protocol or
MANET routing protocol extension using Address Block ICV TLVs MUST
specify how to include any such concatenated attribute of the address
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in the verification process of the ICV. When determining the
<ICV-value> for an address, the following consideration MUST be
applied:
o If other TLV values are concatenated with the address for
calculating the ICV, these TLVs MUST NOT be Address Block ICV TLVs
already associated with the address.
The rationale for not concatenating the address with any ICV TLV
values already associated with the address when calculating the ICV
is that several ICVs may be added to the same address, e.g., using
different ICV functions.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-10.2" href="#section-10.2">10.2</a>. Address Block TIMESTAMP TLV</span>
An Address Block TIMESTAMP TLV is an example of a Timestamp TLV as
described in <a href="#section-7">Section 7</a>. If both a TIMESTAMP TLV and an ICV TLV are
associated with an address, the TIMESTAMP TLV <value> MUST be covered
when calculating the value of the ICV to be contained in the ICV TLV
value (i.e., concatenated with the associated address and any other
values as described in <a href="#section-10.1">Section 10.1</a>).
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-11" href="#section-11">11</a>. ICV: Basic</span>
The basic ICV, represented by way of an ICV TLV with type
extension = 0, is a simple bit-field containing the cryptographic
ICV. This assumes that the mechanism stipulating how ICVs are
calculated and verified is established outside of this specification,
e.g., by way of administrative configuration or external out-of-band
signaling. Thus, the <ICV-value>, when using type extension = 0, is
<ICV-value> := <ICV-data>
where
<ICV-data> is an unsigned integer field, of length <length>, which
contains the cryptographic ICV.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-12" href="#section-12">12</a>. ICV: Cryptographic Function over a Hash Value</span>
One common way of calculating an ICV is applying a cryptographic
function over a hash value of the content. This decomposition is
specified in this section, using a type extension = 1 in the
ICV TLVs.
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.1" href="#section-12.1">12.1</a>. General ICV TLV Structure</span>
The following data structure allows representation of a cryptographic
ICV, including specification of the appropriate hash function and
cryptographic function used for calculating the ICV:
<ICV-value> := <hash-function>
<cryptographic-function>
<key-id-length>
<key-id>
<ICV-data>
where
<hash-function> is an 8-bit unsigned integer field specifying the
hash function.
<cryptographic-function> is an 8-bit unsigned integer field
specifying the cryptographic function.
<key-id-length> is an 8-bit unsigned integer field specifying the
length of the <key-id> field in number of octets. The value 0x00
is reserved for using a pre-installed, shared key.
<key-id> is a field specifying the key identifier of the key that
was used to calculate the ICV of the message, which allows unique
identification of different keys with the same originator. It is
the responsibility of each key originator to make sure that
actively used keys that it issues have distinct key identifiers.
If <key-id-length> equals 0x00, the <key-id> field is not
contained in the TLV, and a pre-installed, shared key is used.
<ICV-data> is an unsigned integer field, whose length is
<length> - 3 - <key-id-length>, and which contains the
cryptographic ICV.
The version of this TLV, specified in this section, assumes that
calculating the ICV can be decomposed into
ICV-value = cryptographic-function(hash-function(content))
The hash function and the cryptographic function correspond to the
entries in two IANA registries, which are set up by this
specification and are described in <a href="#section-13">Section 13</a>.
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<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.1.1" href="#section-12.1.1">12.1.1</a>. Rationale</span>
The rationale for separating the hash function and the cryptographic
function into two octets instead of having all combinations in a
single octet -- possibly as a TLV type extension -- is that adding
further hash functions or cryptographic functions in the future may
lead to a non-contiguous number space.
The rationale for not including a field that lists parameters of the
cryptographic ICV in the TLV is that, before being able to validate a
cryptographic ICV, routers have to exchange or acquire keys (e.g.,
public keys). Any additional parameters can be provided together
with the keys in that bootstrap process. It is therefore not
necessary, and would even entail an extra overhead, to transmit the
parameters within every message. One implicitly available parameter
is the length of the ICV, which is <length> - 3 - <key-id-length>,
and which depends on the choice of the cryptographic function.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.2" href="#section-12.2">12.2</a>. Considerations for Calculating the ICV</span>
The considerations listed in the following subsections MUST be
applied when calculating the ICV for Packet, Message, and Address ICV
TLVs, respectively.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.2.1" href="#section-12.2.1">12.2.1</a>. Packet ICV TLV</span>
When determining the <ICV-value> for a packet, the ICV is calculated
over the fields <hash-function>, <cryptographic-function>,
<key-id-length>, and -- if present -- <key-id> (in that order),
concatenated with the entire packet, including the packet header, all
Packet TLVs (other than Packet ICV TLVs), and all included Messages
and their message headers, in accordance with <a href="#section-8.1">Section 8.1</a>.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.2.2" href="#section-12.2.2">12.2.2</a>. Message ICV TLV</span>
When determining the <ICV-value> for a message, the ICV is calculated
over the fields <hash-function>, <cryptographic-function>,
<key-id-length>, and -- if present -- <key-id> (in that order),
concatenated with the entire message. The considerations in
<a href="#section-9.1">Section 9.1</a> MUST be applied.
<span class="h4"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.2.3" href="#section-12.2.3">12.2.3</a>. Address Block ICV TLV</span>
When determining the <ICV-value> for an address, the ICV is
calculated over the fields <hash-function>, <cryptographic-function>,
<key-id-length>, and -- if present -- <key-id> (in that order),
concatenated with the address, and concatenated with any other values
-- for example, any other address block TLV <value> that is
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associated with that address. A MANET routing protocol or MANET
routing protocol extension using Address Block ICV TLVs MUST specify
how to include any such concatenated attribute of the address in the
verification process of the ICV. The considerations in <a href="#section-10.1">Section 10.1</a>
MUST be applied.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-12.3" href="#section-12.3">12.3</a>. Example of a Message Including an ICV</span>
The sample message depicted in Figure 1 is derived from <a href="./rfc5444#appendix-D">Appendix D of
[RFC5444]</a>. The message contains an ICV Message TLV, with the value
representing an ICV that is 16 octets long of the whole message, and
a key identifier that is 4 octets long. The type extension of the
Message TLV is 1, for the specific decomposition of an ICV into a
cryptographic function over a hash value, as specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a>.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PV=0 | PF=8 | Packet Sequence Number | Message Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MF=15 | MAL=3 | Message Length = 44 | Msg. Orig Addr|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Message Originator Address (cont) | Hop Limit |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Hop Count | Message Sequence Number | Msg. TLV Block|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Length = 27 | ICV | MTLVF = 144 | MTLVExt = 1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|Value Len = 23 | Hash Func | Crypto Func |Key ID length=4|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Key Identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ICV Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ICV Value (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ICV Value (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| ICV Value (cont) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 1: Example Message with ICV
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-13" href="#section-13">13</a>. IANA Considerations</span>
This specification defines the following:
o Two Packet TLV types, which have been allocated from the 0-223
range of the "Packet TLV Types" repository of [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>], as
specified in Table 1.
o Two Message TLV types, which have been allocated from the 0-127
range of the "Message TLV Types" repository of [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>], as
specified in Table 2.
o Two Address Block TLV types, which have been allocated from the
0-127 range of the "Address Block TLV Types" repository of
[<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>], as specified in Table 3.
This specification created the following:
o A type extension registry for each of these TLV types with initial
values as listed in Tables 1, 2, and 3.
IANA has assigned the same numerical value to the Packet TLV, Message
TLV, and Address Block TLV types with the same name.
The following terms are used as defined in [<a href="#ref-BCP26" title="">BCP26</a>]: "Namespace",
"Registration", and "Designated Expert".
The following policy is used as defined in [<a href="#ref-BCP26" title="">BCP26</a>]: "Expert Review".
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.1" href="#section-13.1">13.1</a>. Expert Review: Evaluation Guidelines</span>
For TLV type extensions registries where an Expert Review is
required, the Designated Expert SHOULD take the same general
recommendations into consideration as those specified by [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>].
For the Timestamp TLV, the same type extensions for all Packet,
Message, and Address Block TLVs SHOULD be numbered identically.
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.2" href="#section-13.2">13.2</a>. Packet TLV Type Registrations</span>
IANA has made allocations from the "Packet TLV Types" namespace of
[<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] for the Packet TLVs specified in Table 1.
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
| Name | Type | Type | Description |
| | | Extension | |
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
| ICV | 5 | 0 | ICV of a packet |
| | | | |
| | | 1 | ICV, decomposed into cryptographic |
| | | | function over a hash value, as |
| | | | specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a> of this |
| | | | document |
| | | | |
| | | 2-251 | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | | |
| | | 252-255 | Experimental Use |
| | | | |
| TIMESTAMP | 6 | 0 | Unsigned timestamp of arbitrary |
| | | | length, given by the TLV Length |
| | | | field. The MANET routing protocol |
| | | | has to define how to interpret |
| | | | this timestamp |
| | | | |
| | | 1 | Unsigned 32-bit timestamp, as |
| | | | specified in [IEEE 1003.1-2008 |
| | | | (POSIX)] |
| | | | |
| | | 2 | NTP timestamp format, as defined |
| | | | in [<a href="./rfc5905" title=""Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification"">RFC5905</a>] |
| | | | |
| | | 3 | Signed timestamp of arbitrary |
| | | | length with no constraints such as |
| | | | monotonicity. In particular, it |
| | | | may represent any random value |
| | | | |
| | | 4-251 | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | | |
| | | 252-255 | Experimental Use |
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
Table 1: Packet TLV Types
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.3" href="#section-13.3">13.3</a>. Message TLV Type Registrations</span>
IANA has made allocations from the "Message TLV Types" namespace of
[<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] for the Message TLVs specified in Table 2.
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
| Name | Type | Type | Description |
| | | Extension | |
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
| ICV | 5 | 0 | ICV of a message |
| | | | |
| | | 1 | ICV, decomposed into cryptographic |
| | | | function over a hash value, as |
| | | | specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a> of this |
| | | | document |
| | | | |
| | | 2-251 | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | | |
| | | 252-255 | Experimental Use |
| | | | |
| TIMESTAMP | 6 | 0 | Unsigned timestamp of arbitrary |
| | | | length, given by the TLV Length |
| | | | field |
| | | | |
| | | 1 | Unsigned 32-bit timestamp, as |
| | | | specified in [IEEE 1003.1-2008 |
| | | | (POSIX)] |
| | | | |
| | | 2 | NTP timestamp format, as defined |
| | | | in [<a href="./rfc5905" title=""Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification"">RFC5905</a>] |
| | | | |
| | | 3 | Signed timestamp of arbitrary |
| | | | length with no constraints such as |
| | | | monotonicity. In particular, it |
| | | | may represent any random value |
| | | | |
| | | 4-251 | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | | |
| | | 252-255 | Experimental Use |
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
Table 2: Message TLV Types
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.4" href="#section-13.4">13.4</a>. Address Block TLV Type Registrations</span>
IANA has made allocations from the "Address Block TLV Types"
namespace of [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>] for the Packet TLVs specified in Table 3.
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
| Name | Type | Type | Description |
| | | Extension | |
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
| ICV | 5 | 0 | ICV of an object (e.g., an |
| | | | address) |
| | | | |
| | | 1 | ICV, decomposed into cryptographic |
| | | | function over a hash value, as |
| | | | specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a> of this |
| | | | document |
| | | | |
| | | 2-251 | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | | |
| | | 252-255 | Experimental Use |
| | | | |
| TIMESTAMP | 6 | 0 | Unsigned timestamp of arbitrary |
| | | | length, given by the TLV Length |
| | | | field |
| | | | |
| | | 1 | Unsigned 32-bit timestamp, as |
| | | | specified in [IEEE 1003.1-2008 |
| | | | (POSIX)] |
| | | | |
| | | 2 | NTP timestamp format, as defined |
| | | | in [<a href="./rfc5905" title=""Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification"">RFC5905</a>] |
| | | | |
| | | 3 | Signed timestamp of arbitrary |
| | | | length with no constraints such as |
| | | | monotonicity. In particular, it |
| | | | may represent any random value |
| | | | |
| | | 4-251 | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | | |
| | | 252-255 | Experimental Use |
+-----------+------+-----------+------------------------------------+
Table 3: Address Block TLV Types
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.5" href="#section-13.5">13.5</a>. Hash Functions</span>
IANA has created a new registry for hash functions that can be used
when creating an ICV, as specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a> of this document.
The initial assignments and allocation policies are specified in
Table 4.
+-------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Hash | Algorithm | Description |
| Function | | |
| Value | | |
+-------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
| 0 | none | The "identity function": The hash value |
| | | of an object is the object itself |
| | | |
| 1 | SHA1 | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2">NIST-FIPS-180-2</a>] |
| | | |
| 2 | SHA224 | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2-change">NIST-FIPS-180-2-change</a>] |
| | | |
| 3 | SHA256 | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2">NIST-FIPS-180-2</a>] |
| | | |
| 4 | SHA384 | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2">NIST-FIPS-180-2</a>] |
| | | |
| 5 | SHA512 | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2">NIST-FIPS-180-2</a>] |
| | | |
| 6-251 | | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | |
| 252-255 | | Experimental Use |
+-------------+-----------+-----------------------------------------+
Table 4: Hash-Function Registry
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-13.6" href="#section-13.6">13.6</a>. Cryptographic Functions</span>
IANA has created a new registry for the cryptographic functions, as
specified in <a href="#section-12">Section 12</a> of this document. Initial assignments and
allocation policies are specified in Table 5.
+----------------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| Cryptographic | Algorithm | Description |
| Function Value | | |
+----------------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
| 0 | none | The "identity function": The value |
| | | of an encrypted hash is the hash |
| | | itself |
| | | |
| 1 | RSA | [<a href="./rfc3447" title=""Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.1"">RFC3447</a>] |
| | | |
| 2 | DSA | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-186-3">NIST-FIPS-186-3</a>] |
| | | |
| 3 | HMAC | [<a href="./rfc2104" title=""HMAC: Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication"">RFC2104</a>] |
| | | |
| 4 | 3DES | [<a href="#ref-NIST-SP-800-67">NIST-SP-800-67</a>] |
| | | |
| 5 | AES | [<a href="#ref-NIST-FIPS-197">NIST-FIPS-197</a>] |
| | | |
| 6 | ECDSA | [<a href="#ref-ANSI-X9-62-2005">ANSI-X9-62-2005</a>] |
| | | |
| 7-251 | | Unassigned; Expert Review |
| | | |
| 252-255 | | Experimental Use |
+----------------+-----------+--------------------------------------+
Table 5: Cryptographic Function Registry
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-14" href="#section-14">14</a>. Security Considerations</span>
This document does not specify a protocol. It provides a syntactical
component for cryptographic ICVs of messages and packets, as defined
in [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>]. It can be used to address security issues of a MANET
routing protocol or MANET routing protocol extension. As such, it
has the same security considerations as [<a href="./rfc5444" title=""Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format"">RFC5444</a>].
In addition, a MANET routing protocol or MANET routing protocol
extension that uses this specification MUST specify how to use the
framework, and the TLVs presented in this document. In addition, the
protection that the MANET routing protocol or MANET routing protocol
extensions attain by using this framework MUST be described.
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As an example, a MANET routing protocol that uses this component to
reject "badly formed" or "insecure" messages if a control message
does not contain a valid ICV SHOULD indicate the security assumption
that if the ICV is valid, the message is considered valid. It also
SHOULD indicate the security issues that are counteracted by this
measure (e.g., link or identity spoofing) as well as the issues that
are not counteracted (e.g., compromised keys).
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-15" href="#section-15">15</a>. Acknowledgements</span>
The authors would like to thank Bo Berry (Cisco), Alan Cullen (BAE),
Justin Dean (NRL), Christopher Dearlove (BAE), Paul Lambert
(Marvell), Jerome Milan (Ecole Polytechnique), and Henning Rogge
(FGAN) for their constructive comments on the document.
The authors also appreciate the detailed reviews from the Area
Directors, in particular Stewart Bryant (Cisco), Stephen Farrell
(Trinity College Dublin), and Robert Sparks (Tekelec), as well as
Donald Eastlake (Huawei) from the Security Directorate.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-16" href="#section-16">16</a>. References</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-16.1" href="#section-16.1">16.1</a>. Normative References</span>
[<a id="ref-ANSI-X9-62-2005">ANSI-X9-62-2005</a>]
American National Standards Institute, "Public Key
Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA)",
ANSI X9.62-2005, November 2005.
[<a id="ref-BCP26">BCP26</a>] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp26">BCP 26</a>, <a href="./rfc5226">RFC 5226</a>,
May 2008.
[IEEE 1003.1-2008 (POSIX)]
IEEE Computer Society, "1003.1-2008 Standard for
Information Technology-Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX) Base Specifications, Issue 7",
December 2008.
[<a id="ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2">NIST-FIPS-180-2</a>]
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Specifications for the Secure Hash Standard",
FIPS 180-2, August 2002.
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[<a id="ref-NIST-FIPS-180-2-change">NIST-FIPS-180-2-change</a>]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Federal
Information Processing Standards Publication 180-2
(+ Change Notice to include SHA-224)", FIPS 180-2,
August 2002, <http:// csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/
fips180-2/fips180-2withchangenotice.pdf>.
[<a id="ref-NIST-FIPS-186-3">NIST-FIPS-186-3</a>]
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
Signature Standard (DSS)", FIPS 186-3, June 2009.
[<a id="ref-NIST-FIPS-197">NIST-FIPS-197</a>]
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Specification for the Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES)", FIPS 197, November 2001.
[<a id="ref-NIST-SP-800-67">NIST-SP-800-67</a>]
National Institute of Standards and Technology,
"Recommendation for the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm
(TDEA) Block Cipher", Special Publication 800-67,
May 2004.
[<a id="ref-RFC2104">RFC2104</a>] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC:
Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication", <a href="./rfc2104">RFC 2104</a>,
February 1997.
[<a id="ref-RFC2119">RFC2119</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
[<a id="ref-RFC3447">RFC3447</a>] Jonsson, J. and B. Kaliski, "Public-Key Cryptography
Standards (PKCS) #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications
Version 2.1", <a href="./rfc3447">RFC 3447</a>, February 2003.
[<a id="ref-RFC5444">RFC5444</a>] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Dean, J., and C. Adjih,
"Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message
Format", <a href="./rfc5444">RFC 5444</a>, February 2009.
[<a id="ref-RFC5905">RFC5905</a>] Mills, D., Martin, J., Ed., Burbank, J., and W. Kasch,
"Network Time Protocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms
Specification", <a href="./rfc5905">RFC 5905</a>, June 2010.
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-16.2" href="#section-16.2">16.2</a>. Informative References</span>
[<a id="ref-OLSRv2">OLSRv2</a>] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., Jacquet, P., and U. Herberg,
"The Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2",
Work in Progress, March 2012.
[<a id="ref-RFC6130">RFC6130</a>] Clausen, T., Dearlove, C., and J. Dean, "Mobile Ad Hoc
Network (MANET) Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)",
<a href="./rfc6130">RFC 6130</a>, April 2011.
Authors' Addresses
Ulrich Herberg
Fujitsu Laboratories of America
1240 E. Arques Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94085
USA
EMail: [email protected]
URI: <a href="http://www.herberg.name/">http://www.herberg.name/</a>
Thomas Heide Clausen
LIX, Ecole Polytechnique
91128 Palaiseau Cedex
France
Phone: +33 6 6058 9349
EMail: [email protected]
URI: <a href="http://www.thomasclausen.org/">http://www.thomasclausen.org/</a>
Herberg & Clausen Standards Track [Page 21]
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