3537
PROPOSED STANDARD
Wrapping a Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) key with a Triple-Data Encryption Standard (DES) Key or an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key
Authors: J. Schaad, R. Housley
Date: May 2003
Area: sec
Working Group: smime
Stream: IETF
Abstract
This document defines two methods for wrapping an HMAC (Hashed Message Authentication Code) key. The first method defined uses a Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard) key to encrypt the HMAC key. The second method defined uses an AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) key to encrypt the HMAC key. One place that such an algorithm is used is for the Authenticated Data type in CMS (Cryptographic Message Syntax). [PROPOSED STANDARD]
RFC 3537
PROPOSED STANDARD
Errata Exist
Network Working Group J. Schaad
Request for Comments: 3537 Soaring Hawk Consulting
Category: Standards Track R. Housley
Vigil Security
May 2003
<span class="h1">Wrapping a Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC) key</span>
<span class="h1">with a Triple-Data Encryption Standard (DES) Key</span>
<span class="h1">or an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key</span>
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
This document defines two methods for wrapping an HMAC (Hashed
Message Authentication Code) key. The first method defined uses a
Triple DES (Data Encryption Standard) key to encrypt the HMAC key.
The second method defined uses an AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
key to encrypt the HMAC key. One place that such an algorithm is
used is for the Authenticated Data type in CMS (Cryptographic Message
Syntax).
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-1" href="#section-1">1</a>. Introduction</span>
Standard methods exist for encrypting a Triple-DES (3DES) content-
encryption key (CEK) with a 3DES key-encryption key (KEK) [3DES-
WRAP], and for encrypting an AES CEK with an AES KEK [<a href="#ref-AES-WRAP" title=""Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm"">AES-WRAP</a>].
Triple-DES key wrap imposes parity restrictions, and in both
instances there are restrictions on the size of the key being wrapped
that make the encryption of HMAC [<a href="#ref-HMAC" title=""HMAC: Keyed- Hashing for Message Authentication"">HMAC</a>] keying material difficult.
This document specifies a mechanism for the encryption of an HMAC key
of arbitrary length by a 3DES KEK or an AES KEK.
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The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>
[<a href="#ref-STDWORDS" title=""Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels"">STDWORDS</a>].
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-2" href="#section-2">2</a>. HMAC Key Guidelines</span>
[<a id="ref-HMAC">HMAC</a>] suggests that the key be at least as long as the output (L) of
the hash function being used. When keys longer than the block size
of the hash algorithm are used, they are hashed and the resulting
hash value is used. Using keys much longer than L provides no
security benefit, unless the random function used to create the key
has low entropy output.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-3" href="#section-3">3</a>. HMAC Key Wrapping and Unwrapping with Triple-DES</span>
This section specifies the algorithms for wrapping and unwrapping an
HMAC key with a 3DES KEK [<a href="#ref-3DES">3DES</a>].
The 3DES wrapping of HMAC keys is based on the algorithm defined in
Section 3 of [<a href="#ref-3DES-WRAP" title=""Triple-DES and RC2 Key Wrapping"">3DES-WRAP</a>]. The major differences are due to the fact
that an HMAC key is of variable length and the HMAC key has no
particular parity.
In the algorithm description, "a || b" is used to represent 'a'
concatenated with 'b'.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.1" href="#section-3.1">3.1</a> Wrapping an HMAC Key with a Triple-DES Key-Encryption Key</span>
This algorithm encrypts an HMAC key with a 3DES KEK. The algorithm
is:
1. Let the HMAC key be called KEY, and let the length of KEY in
octets be called LENGTH. LENGTH is a single octet.
2. Let LKEY = LENGTH || KEY.
3. Let LKEYPAD = LKEY || PAD. If the length of LKEY is a multiple
of 8, the PAD has a length of zero. If the length of LKEY is not
a multiple of 8, then PAD contains the fewest number of random
octets to make the length of LKEYPAD a multiple of 8.
4. Compute an 8 octet key checksum value on LKEYPAD as described in
Section 2 of [<a href="#ref-3DES-WRAP" title=""Triple-DES and RC2 Key Wrapping"">3DES-WRAP</a>], call the result ICV.
5. Let LKEYPADICV = LKEYPAD || ICV.
6. Generate 8 octets at random, call the result IV.
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7. Encrypt LKEYPADICV in CBC mode using the 3DES KEK. Use the
random value generated in the previous step as the initialization
vector (IV). Call the ciphertext TEMP1.
8. Let TEMP2 = IV || TEMP1.
9. Reverse the order of the octets in TEMP2. That is, the most
significant (first) octet is swapped with the least significant
(last) octet, and so on. Call the result TEMP3.
10. Encrypt TEMP3 in CBC mode using the 3DES KEK. Use an
initialization vector (IV) of 0x4adda22c79e82105.
Note: When the same HMAC key is wrapped in different 3DES KEKs, a
fresh initialization vector (IV) must be generated for each
invocation of the HMAC key wrap algorithm (step 6).
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.2" href="#section-3.2">3.2</a> Unwrapping an HMAC Key with a Triple-DES Key-Encryption Key</span>
This algorithm decrypts an HMAC key using a 3DES KEK. The algorithm
is:
1. If the wrapped key is not a multiple of 8 octets, then error.
2. Decrypt the wrapped key in CBC mode using the 3DES KEK. Use an
initialization vector (IV) of 0x4adda22c79e82105. Call the
output TEMP3.
3. Reverse the order of the octets in TEMP3. That is, the most
significant (first) octet is swapped with the least significant
(last) octet, and so on. Call the result TEMP2.
4. Decompose the TEMP2 into IV and TEMP1. IV is the most
significant (first) 8 octets, and TEMP1 is composed of the
remaining octets.
5. Decrypt TEMP1 in CBC mode using the 3DES KEK. Use the IV value
from the previous step as the initialization vector. Call the
plaintext LKEYPADICV.
6. Decompose the LKEYPADICV into LKEYPAD, and ICV. ICV is the least
significant (last) 8 octets. LKEYPAD is composed of the
remaining octets.
7. Compute an 8 octet key checksum value on LKEYPAD as described in
Section 2 of [<a href="#ref-3DES-WRAP" title=""Triple-DES and RC2 Key Wrapping"">3DES-WRAP</a>]. If the computed key checksum value
does not match the decrypted key checksum value, ICV, then error.
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8. Decompose the LKEYPAD into LENGTH, KEY, and PAD. LENGTH is the
most significant (first) octet. KEY is the following LENGTH of
octets. PAD is the remaining octets, if any.
9. If the length of PAD is more than 7 octets, then error.
10. Use KEY as an HMAC key.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.3" href="#section-3.3">3.3</a> HMAC Key Wrap with Triple-DES Algorithm Identifier</span>
Some security protocols employ ASN.1 [<a href="#ref-X.208-88">X.208-88</a>, <a href="#ref-X.209-88">X.209-88</a>], and these
protocols employ algorithm identifiers to name cryptographic
algorithms. To support these protocols, the HMAC Key Wrap with
Triple-DES algorithm has been assigned the following algorithm
identifier:
id-alg-HMACwith3DESwrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1)
member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9)
smime(16) alg(3) 11 }
The AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field MUST be NULL.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-3.4" href="#section-3.4">3.4</a> HMAC Key Wrap with Triple-DES Test Vector</span>
KEK : 5840df6e 29b02af1
: ab493b70 5bf16ea1
: ae8338f4 dcc176a8
HMAC_KEY : c37b7e64 92584340
: bed12207 80894115
: 5068f738
IV : 050d8c79 e0d56b75
PAD : 38be62
ICV : 1f363a31 cdaa9037
LKEYPADICV : 14c37b7e 64925843
: 40bed122 07808941
: 155068f7 38be62fe
: 1f363a31 cdaa9037
TEMP1 : 157a8210 f432836b
: a618b096 475c864b
: 6612969c dfa445b1
: 5646bd00 500b2cc1
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TEMP3 : c12c0b50 00bd4656
: b145a4df 9c961266
: 4b865c47 96b018a6
: 6b8332f4 10827a15
: 756bd5e0 798c0d05
Wrapped Key : 0f1d715d 75a0aaf6
: 6f02e371 c08b79e2
: a1253dc4 3040136b
: dc161118 601f2863
: e2929b3b dd17697c
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-4" href="#section-4">4</a>. HMAC Key Wrapping and Unwrapping with AES</span>
This section specifies the algorithms for wrapping and unwrapping an
HMAC key with an AES KEK [<a href="#ref-AES-WRAP" title=""Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm"">AES-WRAP</a>].
The AES wrapping of HMAC keys is based on the algorithm defined in
[<a href="#ref-AES-WRAP" title=""Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm"">AES-WRAP</a>]. The major difference is inclusion of padding due to the
fact that the length of an HMAC key may not be a multiple of 64 bits.
In the algorithm description, "a || b" is used to represent 'a'
concatenated with 'b'.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.1" href="#section-4.1">4.1</a> Wrapping an HMAC Key with an AES Key-Encryption Key</span>
This algorithm encrypts an HMAC key with an AES KEK. The algorithm
is:
1. Let the HMAC key be called KEY, and let the length of KEY in
octets be called LENGTH. LENGTH is a single octet.
2. Let LKEY = LENGTH || KEY.
3. Let LKEYPAD = LKEY || PAD. If the length of LKEY is a multiple
of 8, the PAD has a length of zero. If the length of LKEY is not
a multiple of 8, then PAD contains the fewest number of random
octets to make the length of LKEYPAD a multiple of 8.
4. Encrypt LKEYPAD using the AES key wrap algorithm specified in
section 2.2.1 of [<a href="#ref-AES-WRAP" title=""Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm"">AES-WRAP</a>], using the AES KEK as the encryption
key. The result is 8 octets longer than LKEYPAD.
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<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.2" href="#section-4.2">4.2</a> Unwrapping an HMAC Key with an AES Key</span>
The AES key unwrap algorithm decrypts an HMAC key using an AES KEK.
The AES key unwrap algorithm is:
1. If the wrapped key is not a multiple of 8 octets, then error.
2. Decrypt the wrapped key using the AES key unwrap algorithm
specified in section 2.2.2 of [<a href="#ref-AES-WRAP" title=""Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap Algorithm"">AES-WRAP</a>], using the AES KEK as
the decryption key. If the unwrap algorithm internal integrity
check fails, then error, otherwise call the result LKEYPAD.
3. Decompose the LKEYPAD into LENGTH, KEY, and PAD. LENGTH is the
most significant (first) octet. KEY is the following LENGTH of
octets. PAD is the remaining octets, if any.
4. If the length of PAD is more than 7 octets, then error.
5. Use KEY as an HMAC key.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.3" href="#section-4.3">4.3</a> HMAC Key Wrap with AES Algorithm Identifier</span>
Some security protocols employ ASN.1 [<a href="#ref-X.208-88">X.208-88</a>, <a href="#ref-X.209-88">X.209-88</a>], and these
protocols employ algorithm identifiers to name cryptographic
algorithms. To support these protocols, the HMAC Key Wrap with AES
algorithm has been assigned the following algorithm identifier:
id-alg-HMACwithAESwrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1)
member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9)
smime(16) alg(3) 12 }
The AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field MUST be NULL.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-4.4" href="#section-4.4">4.4</a> HMAC Key Wrap with AES Test Vector</span>
KEK : 5840df6e 29b02af1
: ab493b70 5bf16ea1
: ae8338f4 dcc176a8
HMAC_KEY : c37b7e64 92584340
: bed12207 80894115
: 5068f738
PAD : 050d8c
LKEYPAD : 14c37b7e 64925843
: 40bed122 07808941
: 155068f7 38050d8c
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Wrapped Key : 9fa0c146 5291ea6d
: b55360c6 cb95123c
: d47b38cc e84dd804
: fbcec5e3 75c3cb13
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-5" href="#section-5">5</a>. Security Considerations</span>
Implementations must protect the key-encryption key (KEK).
Compromise of the KEK may result in the disclosure of all HMAC keys
that have been wrapped with the KEK, which may lead to loss of data
integrity protection.
The use of these key wrap functions provide confidentiality and data
integrity, but they do not necessarily provide data origination
authentication. Anyone possessing the KEK can create a message that
passes the integrity check. If data origination authentication is
also desired, then the KEK distribution mechanism must provide data
origin authentication of the KEK. Alternatively, a digital signature
may be used.
Implementations must randomly generate initialization vectors (IVs)
and padding. The generation of quality random numbers is difficult.
<a href="./rfc1750">RFC 1750</a> [<a href="#ref-RANDOM" title=""Randomness Recommendations for Security"">RANDOM</a>] offers important guidance in this area, and
Appendix 3 of FIPS Pub 186 [<a href="#ref-DSS">DSS</a>] provides one quality PRNG technique.
The key wrap algorithms specified in this document have been reviewed
for use with Triple-DES and AES, and have not been reviewed for use
with other encryption algorithms.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-6" href="#section-6">6</a>. References</span>
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.1" href="#section-6.1">6.1</a> Normative References</span>
[<a id="ref-3DES">3DES</a>] American National Standards Institute. ANSI X9.52-1998,
Triple Data Encryption Algorithm Modes of Operation.
1998.
[<a id="ref-3DES-WRAP">3DES-WRAP</a>] Housley, R., "Triple-DES and RC2 Key Wrapping", <a href="./rfc3217">RFC 3217</a>,
December 2001.
[<a id="ref-AES">AES</a>] National Institute of Standards and Technology. FIPS Pub
197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). 26 November
2001.
[<a id="ref-AES-WRAP">AES-WRAP</a>] Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", <a href="./rfc3394">RFC 3394</a>, September 2002.
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[<a id="ref-HMAC">HMAC</a>] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M. and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", <a href="./rfc2104">RFC 2104</a>, February
1997.
[<a id="ref-STDWORDS">STDWORDS</a>] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp14">BCP 14</a>, <a href="./rfc2119">RFC 2119</a>, March 1997.
<span class="h3"><a class="selflink" id="section-6.2" href="#section-6.2">6.2</a> Informative References</span>
[<a id="ref-DSS">DSS</a>] National Institute of Standards and Technology. FIPS Pub
186: Digital Signature Standard. 19 May 1994.
[<a id="ref-RANDOM">RANDOM</a>] Eastlake 3rd, D., Crocker, S. and J. Schiller,
"Randomness Recommendations for Security", <a href="./rfc1750">RFC 1750</a>,
December 1994.
[<a id="ref-RFC2026">RFC2026</a>] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process - Revision
3", <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/bcp/bcp9">BCP 9</a>, <a href="./rfc2026">RFC 2026</a>, October 1996.
[<a id="ref-X.208-88">X.208-88</a>] CCITT. Recommendation X.208: Specification of Abstract
Syntax Notation One (ASN.1). 1988.
[<a id="ref-X.209-88">X.209-88</a>] CCITT. Recommendation X.209: Specification of Basic
Encoding Rules for Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1).
1988.
<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-7" href="#section-7">7</a>. Authors' Addresses</span>
Jim Schaad
Soaring Hawk Consulting
EMail: [email protected]
Russell Housley
Vigil Security
918 Spring Knoll Drive
Herndon, VA 20170
USA
EMail: [email protected]
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<span class="h2"><a class="selflink" id="section-8" href="#section-8">8</a>. Full Copyright Statement</span>
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
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